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158 matches to Papal States
Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.
Luther, Martin. 1483-1546. German Christian reformer opposed to indulgences. Wittenberg. -’Even if heaven and hell do not exist, education is important’ Justification by faith alone. Melanchthon. 95 Theses 1517. Treatise on Christian Liberty. New Testament translated to vernacular 1522. Catechisms 1529. Canticles 1533. Excommunicated 1520, burns Papal Bull. Choral composer: moral effects of music.
Malachy, St. 1094-1148. Irish Cistercian papal legate.
Manfred. 1232-66. Sicilian king 1258-. Opposed papal authority.
Old Catholics. 1870. Catholic sect vs papal infallibility. Joined Church of England 1931.
Paul VI. 1897-1978. Pope 1963-. Encyclical on birth control.
Pius IX. 1792-1878. Pope 1846-. Longest reign. Defined Immaculate Conception 1854 Papal Infallibility. Syllabus Errorum 1864 criticized Liberalism.
Pope. Head of Roman Catholic Church, Bishop of Rome. Considered the infallible vicar of Christ.
Ultramontanism. 15-19C. Roman Catholic movement for papal authority. Gallicanism.
Vatican. 1146 Palace begun. 1377 Principal Papal residence. 11,000 rooms; world’s largest residence. 1929 Sovereign. Lateran Treaty.
Vatican Councils. 1870 Papal Infallibility. 1962 Modified liturgy. Ecumenicalism.
Aetolian League. 4-2C BC. Confederation of Greek city states, led by Thebes.
American Revolution. 1775-1783. Independence won from Britain, United States of America formed.
Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.
Arai Hakuseki. 1657-1725. Japanese Confucian philosopher, statesman, historian.
Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.
Baltic States. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
Baltic Wars of Liberation. 1918-20. Established independent states of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.
Bancroft, George. 1800-91. “Father of American history”. History of United States 1834-74.
Baruch, Bernard. 1870-1965. US financier/elder statesman; adviser to US presidents, Churchill.
Bevin, Ernest. 1881-1951. British labour leader, statesman. TUC. Initiated Colombo Plan.
Borgia, Cesare. 1476-1507. Ruthless Italian Machiavellian statesman. Son of Pope Alexander VI.
Bourgeois, Léon. 1851-1925. French statesman. League of Nations.
Brown, George. 1818-80. Scottish/Canadian statesman. Founded Toronto Globe 1844.
Cato, Marcus. 234-149BC. Roman statesman, censor, writer. Opposed Greek influence.